Passiflora edulis

Passionfruit
Ripe purple type from Australia and its cross section
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Rosids
Order:	Malpighiales
Family:	Passifloraceae
Genus:	Passiflora
Species:	P. edulis
Binomial name
Passiflora edulis Sims, 1818[1]

Passion Fruit vine

Passiflora edulis is a vine species of passion flower that is native to Paraguay, Brazil and northeastern Argentina (Corrientes and Misiones provinces).^[1] Common names include Passion Fruit (UK and US), Passionfruit (Australia and New Zealand), Granadilla (South America), Lilikoʻi (Hawaiian), Magrandera Shona (Zimbabwe), and Lạc tiên, Chanh dây or Chanh leo (Vietnamese) . It is cultivated commercially in frost-free areas for its fruit and is widely grown in India, Sri Lanka, New Zealand, the Caribbean, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Indonesia, Peru, California, Florida, Haiti, Hawaii, Australia, East Africa, Mexico, Israel and South Africa. The passion fruit is round to oval, either yellow or dark purple at maturity, with a soft to firm, juicy interior filled with numerous seeds. The fruit can be grown to eat or for its juice, which is often added to other fruit juices to enhance the aroma. The fruit shown are mature for juicing and culinary use. For eating right out of the fruit, allow the fruit to wrinkle for a few days to raise the sugar levels and enhance the flavor.

The two types of passion fruit have clearly differing exterior appearances. The bright yellow variety of passion fruit, which is also known as the Golden Passion Fruit, can grow up to the size of a grapefruit, has a smooth, glossy, light and airy rind, and has been used as a rootstock for the Purple Passion Fruit in Australia.^[2] The dark purple passion fruit is smaller than a lemon, though it is less acidic than the yellow passion fruit, and has a richer aroma and flavor^[3]. In Colombia, the purple passion fruit is referred to as "gulupa", to distinguish it from the yellow maracuyá.

The purple varieties of the fruit have been found to contain traces of cyanogenic glycosides in the skin.^[4]

Uses

A glass of passion fruit juice

Wine, or 'sicar', made from passion fruit at a winery in Israel

• In Brazil, passion fruit mousse is a common dessert, and passion fruit seeds are routinely used to decorate the tops of cakes. Passion fruit juice is also very common. When making Caipirinha, it is common to use passion fruit instead of lime. It is also used as a mild sedative, and its active ingredient is commercialized under several brands, most notably Maracugina.
• In the Dominican Republic, where it is locally called chinola, it is used to make juice and jams. Passion fruit-flavoured syrup is used on shaved ice, and the fruit is also eaten raw sprinkled with sugar.
• In Hawaii, the varieties are called yellow lilikoʻi and purple lilikoʻi and the fruit is normally eaten raw. Hawaiians usually crack the rind of the passion fruit either with their hands or teeth and suck out the flavorful pulp and seeds. Passion fruit can also be cut in half and the pulp can easily be scooped out with a spoon. Passion fruit-flavored syrup is a popular topping for shave ice. Ice cream and mochi are also flavored with passion fruit, as well as many other desserts such as cookies, cakes, and ice cream. Passion fruit is also favored as a jam or jelly, as well as a butter. Passion fruit is not widely available in stores, so most of the fruit comes from backyard gardens or wild groves. It can be found, however, in farmers' markets throughout the islands.
• In Indonesia, there are two types of passionfruit (local name: 'markisa'), white flesh and yellow flesh. The white one is normally eaten straight as a fruit. The yellow one is commonly strained to obtain its juice, which is cooked with sugar to make thick syrup. Bottles or plastic jugs of concentrated syrup (generally produced in Sumatra from fruit grown in the Lake Toba region) are sold in many supermarkets. Dilution of one part syrup to four (or more) parts water is recommended.
• In New Zealand and Australia, where it is called "passionfruit", it is available commercially both fresh and tinned. Fresh passionfruit is eaten for breakfast in the Summer months, is added to fruit salads, and fresh fruit pulp or passion fruit sauce is commonly used in desserts, including as a topping for pavlova (a regional meringue cake) and ice cream, a flavouring for cheesecake, and in the icing of vanilla slices. A passion fruit-flavoured soft drink called Passiona has also been manufactured in Australia for several decades.
• In Paraguay, passion fruit is used mainly to make juice, prepare desserts like passion fruit mousse,cheesecake, ice cream, to flavor yogurts and cocktails.
• In Mexico, passion fruit is used to make juice or is eaten raw with chili powder and lime.
• In Puerto Rico, where the fruit is known as "Parcha", it is widely believed to lower blood pressure. ^[5] is probably because it contains harmala alkaloids and is a mild RIMA. Passion fruit juice is also very common there and is used in juices, ice cream or pastries.
• In Peru, passion fruit is used in several desserts, especially cheesecakes. It is also drunk alone as passion fruit juice and used in ceviche variations and in cocktails, including the passion fruit sour, a variation of the Pisco Sour
• In the Philippines, passion fruit is commonly sold in public markets and in public schools. Some vendors sell the fruit with a straw in it to suck the seeds and juices inside. It is not very popular because of its sour flavor, and the fruit is very seasonal.
• In Vietnam, passion fruit is blended with honey and ice to create refreshing smoothies.
• In South Africa, passion fruit, known locally as Granadilla (the yellow variety as Guavadilla), is used to flavor yogurt. It is also used to flavour soft drinks such as Schweppes Sparkling Granadilla and numerous cordial drinks. It is often eaten raw or used as a topping for cakes and tarts. Granadilla juice is commonly available in restaurants. The yellow variety is used for juice processing, while the purple variety is sold in fresh fruit markets.
• In the United States it is often used as an ingredient in juice mixes.

Nutrition

Fresh passion fruit is high in beta carotene, potassium, and dietary fiber. Passion fruit juice is a good source of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), and good for people who have High blood pressure.^[6] The yellow variety is used for juice processing, while the purple variety is sold in fresh fruit markets.

In culture

The passion fruit has had a religious association as reflected by the name "passion" given to it by Catholic missionaries who thought that certain parts of the fruit bore some religious connections. These missionaries (who were joined by the Spanish Conquistadors in South America), saw a way of illustrating the Crucifixion:

• The three stigmas were to reflect the three nails in Jesus's hands and feet.
• The threads of the passion flower were believed to be a symbol of the Crown of Thorns.
• The vine's tendrils were likened to the whips.
• The five anthers represented the five wounds.
• The ten petals and sepals regarded to resemble the Apostles (excluding Judas and Peter).

The flower of the passion fruit is considered as the national flower of Paraguay.

See also

• Giant granadilla
• Granadilla
• Sweet granadilla

Gallery

3 varieties of passion fruit	Purple passion fruit	Cross-section of a purple passion fruit	Yellow granadilla harvested (P.flavicarpa)
Purple passion fruits harvested	Size difference between yellow and purple passion fruits	Passion fruit still on the vine	Passiflora flavicarpa flower

References

External links

• Purdue.edu, Fruits of Warm Climates: Passionfruit
• CRFG.org, California Rare Fruit Growers: Passion Fruit Fruit Facts
• Passiflora.org, Passiflora Society International
• DaleysFruit.com.au, Australian Passionfruit Varieties
• Phytochemicals.info, phytochemicals in Passion Fruit
• Passionflow.co.uk, Passiflora Online
• IndiaTimes.com, "Passion fruit helps asthma patients".
• CarribeanSeeds.com, Parcha: the story behind the name